Myths and Realities Essay -- Philosophy Learning Essays

Fantasies and Realities In any event since the 1990 distribution of Senge's The Fifth Discipline, the idea of the learning association (LO) has been elevated as an approach to rebuild associations to address the difficulties of the coming century. What are realizing associations in principle and by and by? Is it accurate to say that they are a genuine arrangement or the most recent in a progression of change crazes? The fantasies and truths are investigated in this distribution. Taking a few to get back some composure on the Learning Organization Obviously, there isn't yet an agreement on the meaning of a learning association. Any sort of association can be a learning association organizations, instructive foundations, charities, local gatherings. A few creators concur that LOs start with the presumptions that learning is significant, consistent, and best whenever shared and that each experience is a chance to learn. LOs have the accompanying qualities (Calvert et al. 1994; Watkins and Marsick 1993): They give nonstop learning chances. They use figuring out how to arrive at their objectives. They interface singular execution with authoritative execution. They encourage request and exchange, making it ok for individuals to share transparently and face challenges. They hold onto innovative strain as a wellspring of vitality and restoration. They are ceaselessly mindful of and associate with their condition. Senge's five controls are the keys to accomplishing this kind of association: individual dominance, mental models, shared vision, group learning, and frameworks thinking. As per Senge, the fifth, frameworks thinking, is the most significant and underlies the rest. Obviously, it might be said associations don't learn, the individuals in them do, and singular learning may go on constantly. What is diverse a... ...(ERIC No. EJ 483 293) Smith, G. J., and Stodden, R. A. Rebuilding Vocational Special Needs Education through Interdisciplinary Team Effort. Journal for Vocational Special Needs Education16, no. 3 (Spring 1994): 16-23. (ERIC No. EJ 482 768) Solomon, C. M. HR Facilitates the Learning Organization Concept. Personnel Journal 73, no. 11 (November 1994): 56-66. Watkins, K. E., and Marsick, V. J. Chiseling the Learning Organization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993. West, P. The Learning Organization: Losing the Luggage in Transit? Journal of European Industrial Training18, no. 11 (1994): 30-38. (ERIC No. EJ 497 198) West, W. Learning Organizations: A Critical Review. In Proceedings of the Midwest Exploration to-Practice Conference,edited by L. Martin. Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1994. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 378 359)

The Influences Of Tolkien In T Essay Example For Students

The Influences Of Tolkien In T Essay The Influences of TolkienThe impacts of Tolkien are numerous and incredible, however of them every one of the, three stand apart most; his extraordinary love of nature that sprung from his encounters as an adolescent in the English Countryside, his intense affectability and want to ace language, and his contribution in channel fighting in the Great War. Tolkien himself energetically denied that the war influenced his story by any stretch of the imagination. The genuine war doesn't take after the amazing war its procedure or end. In the event that I had been motivated or coordinated in the improvement of the legend, at that point positively the ring would have been seized and utilized against Sauron.;Tolkiens love of language persevered for an incredible duration from his youngster hood a long time till adulthood. At the point when he was a kid he would contemplate Welsh names that would surge by on railroad coal vehicles, and as a more seasoned scholastic researcher he took to findin g the riddle of language in its northern encapsulations. Tolkien lets us know as a kid that he wanted to rework and reconsider Norse and Greek folklore in his own indications. Perhaps what Tolkien is most applauded for is fabulous authority of language. He made two dialects for his nonexistent race of mythical people, and the two of them originated from one focal language that was gotten from the phony history of the story. This reality gives the dialects a fantastic feeling of authenticity. Tolkiens dreamland was gotten from his memory of his adolescence, where he invested his energy in delectation of the english open country. The recognition of his time spent at Sarehole ingrained in Tolkien an extraordinary love of nature and straightforwardness, which made the establishment for a principle subject of his The interrelationships of the honorable and basic;. The entirety of his honorable animals, for example, his mythical people and hobbits practice regard and comprehension of natu re. Living through the Great War and encountering direct channel fighting gave the motivation to the stupendous clash that occurred during The Lord of the Rings. The horrendous experience of the war probably appeared to Tolkien to be a thing of unadulterated underhandedness with new weapon of decimation tat attacked the english field that he adored so beyond a reasonable doubt. To him the war spoke to the insidious dull privation of light. In Tolkiens eyes the machine of war stemed from keeps an eye on long for force and command over the components which is itself a contention with the laws of the maker. We will compose a custom article on The Influences Of Tolkien In T explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Veneration and regard of nature, his adoration and authority of language, and his damaging involvement with channel fighting during World War I all meet up to impact his three significant works of fiction, The Lord of the Rings. Tolkien utilizes numerous subjects in the story that identify with his persuasions. The unavoidability of association identifies with how the US and numerous different nations were brought into World War I. The chance of genuine misfortune identifies with what amount was devastated during the war, life and property.

Use Online Research Methods To Help Your Essay

Use Online Research Methods To Help Your EssayIf you have a website that writes essays for you, you should be aware of a few things. That way, you can choose a better way to present your essay when your essay needs a little improvement. And since your essay is one of the most important parts of your resume, you want to make sure that your resume is the best it can be.When writing a paper for school, you can hire a professional writer or you can use the resources of the internet to write your own paper. Whichever way you decide to go, the most important thing to do is to prepare yourself first. Then you will find that writing your essay for a website that writes essays for you is quite easy.First you should gather all the material that you will need to write an essay. That includes essay topics, samples, and reference materials. There is no better way to gather your information then to research your topic on the internet.Researching an essay for a website that writes essays for you is pretty easy. All you need to do is type the words in Google or another search engine. Once you find something, you will get a lot of great information on different topics.Finding samples is another great way to collect your information. Most websites will have a collection of examples of different topics. If you write the information as if you were writing an essay, you will find that the sample will be easy to read and you will be able to learn how to write your own essay.You will find that every website has a 'write for us' option on their website. This is where you will find all of the essay samples that they offer. Usually, you will be given the option to write one sample for free, but you may be required to pay for it.However, you will find that most of the free samples will not be a good idea. Most websites will require that you submit samples before they will consider you for an assignment. You may have to pay a small fee to write your own samples so you should research this before you submit your information.In conclusion, when writing an essay for a website that writes essays for you, you will find that using online research methods is very helpful. Since most of the writing samples are written as a way to help you with your essay, you will find that they are much more helpful. That is why you should use them before you submit your information to them.

Understanding Term Spreads or Interest Rate Spreads

Term spreads, also known as interest rate spreads, represent the difference between the long-term interest rates and short-term interest rates on debt instruments such as bonds. In order to understand the significance of term spreads, we must first understand bonds. Bonds and Term Spreads Term spreads are most often used in the comparison and evaluation of two bonds, which are fixed interest financial assets issued by governments, companies, public utilities, and other large entities. Bonds are fixed-income securities through which an investor essentially loans the bond issuer capital for a  defined period of time in exchange for a promise to repay the original note amount plus interest. Owners of these bonds become debt holders or creditors of the issuing entity as entities issue bonds as a means of raising capital or financing a special project. Individual bonds are typically issued at par, which is generally at $100 or $1,000 face value. This constitutes the bond principal. When bonds are issued, they are issued with a stated interest rate or coupon that reflects the prevailing interest rate environment at the time. This coupon reflects the interest that the issuing entity is obligated to pay to its bondholders in addition to repayment of the bond principal or the original amount borrowed at maturity. Like any loan or debt instrument, bonds are also issued with maturity dates or the date at which full repayment to the bondholder is contractually required.​​​ Market Prices and Bond Valuation There are several factors at play when it comes to the valuation of a bond. The issuing companys credit rating, for instance, can influence the market price of a bond. The higher the credit rating of the issuing entity, the less risky the investment and perhaps the more valuable the bond. Other factors that can influence a bonds market price include the maturity date or the length of time remaining until expiration. Last, and perhaps the most important factor as it relates to term spreads is the coupon rate, particularly as it compares to the general interest rate environment at the time. Interest Rates, Term Spreads, and Yield Curves Given that fixed-rate coupon bonds will pay the same percentage of the face value, the market price of the bond will vary over time depending on the current interest rate environment and how the coupon compares to newer and older issued bonds that may carry a higher or lower coupon. For instance, a bond issued in a high-interest rate environment with a high coupon will become more valuable on the market if interest rates were to fall and new bonds coupons reflect the lower interest rate environment. This is where term spreads come in as a means of comparison.   The term spread measures the difference between the coupons, or interest rates, of two bonds with different maturities or expiration dates. This difference is also known as the slope of the bond yield curve, which is a graph that plots the interest rates of bonds of equal quality, but different maturity dates at a specified point in time. Not only is the shape of the yield curve important to economists as a predictor of future interest rate changes, but its slope is also a point of interest as the greater the slope of the curve, the greater the term spread (gap between short- and long-term interest rates). If the term spread is positive, the long-term rates are higher than the short-term rates at that point in time and the spread is said to be normal. Whereas a negative term spread indicates that the yield curve is inverted and the short-term rates are higher than the long-term rates.

Interactions Between Native Americans And English Essay

Interactions Between Native Americans and English in The Seventeenth Century In the early seventeenth century, King James I gave authority to the Virginia Company to colonize North America . The Virginia Company had two branches, the London and the Plymouth Companies. In 1607 each company deployed ships with colonists bound for America. These first settlements laid the initial long-term groundwork for the Native American and English interaction. The English had to rely on the first hand experiences of the early settlers with the Native Americans to determine how to proceed with these foreign people. The accounts of the early settlers portrayed the Native Americans to be barbaric, uncivilized, and a cruel people. This paper will analyze three personal interpretations of interactions with Native Americans ranging from 1612 to 1624. In the personal account of William Strachey, he details his observations of the native peoples in 1612. He starts his writing with â€Å"A True Description of the People† to show what is read is to be presumed as certainty. Strachey writes with extreme description to paint a visual picture to his fellow Englishmen about the savage and inferior Native Americans. When he is describing the clothing of the natives he says â€Å"they are sometimes covered with the skins of wild beasts† . This passage can be interpreted that natives were slaughtering wild beasts and wearing their bloody skin around. This extreme description is to bear as a warning for his fellowShow MoreRelatedEnglish View Of Native Americans During Early Nineteenth Century981 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish view of Native Americans in early seventeenth-century According to the English, Native Americans in early seventeenth century Virginia left an imprint on the New England earth. They traditionally settled near water and in small groups, and not in a larger population. They also made little benefit of their land, being never fertile. The English settlers were very taken at the fact they didn’t use the land to the best it could be used. They were tall, brown and proportionate appearanceRead MoreNative American And English Colonists1056 Words   |  5 PagesFormal Paper English colonists first came to America late 1500s with the lost colony of Roanoke. English settlers then tried again for a permanent settlement in the early 1600s with Jamestown. Following Jamestown the English were consistently sending new colonists from England to America. The first English settlers had faced quite the hardships. None of the colonists were prepared or equipped with the knowledge to survive in their new environment. This is where Native American and English colonistsRead MoreMahatma Ghandi, An Indian Philosopher1424 Words   |  6 PagesWhen one shields their eyes, they refuse to acknowledge the truth, living between walls constructed through lies. The source provided displays such a stance, in regards to cultural distortion, as a result of globalization. Mahatma Ghandi, an Indian philosopher, states, â€Å"I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as po ssible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.† Acculturation is lookedRead MoreNative and European Relations in Early America Essay1394 Words   |  6 PagesFrom the very first interaction, the social and political relations between the Native Americans and the Europeans had begun with much tension. Many Europeans came to the Americas with the intention of discovery. However, when it became apparent that these new lands were inhibited the motives changed, and then the natives were colonized, abused, and in many cases killed. From then and throughout the impending periods of time, the relations between the natives and the Europeans had a few pointsRead MoreSummary Of Pocahontas And John Smith1032 Words   |  5 PagesAfter the colony of Jamestown was developed in the year 1607, in Virginia, a native princess by the name of Pocahontas risked her life to save John Smith from death. This proposed romance that was suggested between the two gave reasoning behind the peac eful partnership that the English colonist had with the Native locals that were already habitants of the land. This seemed like the more plausible story that would lead to urban legends of Pocahontas and John Smith that many know today. However, manyRead MoreChristopher Columbus Vs Native America Essay1226 Words   |  5 Pagesworld and started the exploration of the Americas for everyone to come in the future. He opened the gate for the exploration of the Spanish, French, and English in the New World. These three groups of people, while all from different places and of varying mindsets, all colonized in the Americas and had contrasting interactions with the Native Americans. Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer, had been trying to find someone to sponsor him to search for a new sea route to India that would be moreRead MoreChristopher Columbus And Native America Case Study1212 Words   |  5 Pagesworld and started the exploration of the Americas for everyone to come in the future. He opened the gate for the exploration of the Spanish, French, and English in the New World. These three groups of people, while all from different places and of varying mindsets, all colonized in the Americas and had contrasting interactions with the Native Americans. Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer, had been trying to find some place to sponsor him to search for a new sea route to India that would be moreRead MoreEssay Early European Exploration1055 Words   |  5 Pagesfound out that they were not alone on this new frontier. Their neighbors in this new land were the Native Americans who had been there for centuries, virtually unaware of life outside the continent. Thus began an inconsistent and often times unstable relationship between the European settlers and the North American Indians. Two nations who had particularly interesting relationships with the Native Americans were the British and the French, both of whom took different approaches to their relations withRead MoreEnglish As A Global Language1217 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish as a Global Language English is a lingua franca (ELF) where the use of English language is a â€Å"common language between speakers whose native languages are different† (Merriam-Webster Dictionary 2015). However, this does not mean that ELF interactions are speaking what is considered proper English, but whether or not they effectively communicate. This does not exclude native speakers, but rather it places emphasis on the interactions between persons of different mother tongues and culturalRead MoreThe Book Skull Wars By Kennewick Man962 Words   |  4 Pagesand its relationship between American Indians and European Descent. This novel reveals the underlying truth, hardship and reality of who Christopher Columbus once called Los Indios. In the book Skull Wars by Kennewick Man, Brian Fagan’s Statement of the rewriting of the past can relate to Skull Wars in numerous ways. I Agree with his statement and believe that if we do not care or learn about what has really happened in the past, why would it be so hard for mainstream American society to feed us misinterpreted

Mental Health And Social Work - 1135 Words

Mental illness has become one of the most rapidly growing diagnoses to date ranging from clinical depression to Schizophrenia. It has become a worldwide epidemic and has created a shortage of specialized workers. As the shortage of veteran mental health workers declines, the amount of recent college graduates increase. Additionally, as more individuals aim to obtain a Social Work degree many have been reluctant to enter the mental health field due to stigmas and negative attitudes surrounding mental health patients. This has brought up the question of whether or not students within social work department and students not in social work would be comfortable working with individuals who have been diagnosed with a mental illness. In order to successfully answer this question the University of Tennessee conducted a study which included three types of students: those who were actively in social work classes, those who had other majors but were still in Social Work and those who were not in social work classes. This study not only measured the student’s willingness to work with mentally ill individuals but also measured their attitudes regarding the concept of mental health. Purpose The purpose of this study is to find out whether or not students are comfortable working with individuals who have been diagnosed with a mental illness. Moreover, this will also identify each of the group’s perceptions and attitudes s, comfort levels, familiarly and lastly the amount professionalShow MoreRelatedMental Health And Social Work. 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Is it a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being? Is it merely the absence of disease or infirmity? Or is health a resource for everyday life, rather than the objective of living; a positive concept, emphasising social and personal resources as well as physical capabilities? Good health is harder to define than bad health (which can be equated with the presence of disease), because it must convey a concept more positive than mere absenceRead MorePsychiatric Social Work1522 Words   |  7 PagesOrigins Social work with people with mental illness, known initially as psychiatric social work, began in the 1950s at the six county psychiatric hospitals across Northern Ireland (Herron 1998). These hospitals were administered by the Regional Health Authorities, whilst the new psychiatric social workers were out-posted from the County Welfare Authorities. 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The government has been making greater efforts to improve the quality and outcomes of mental health and addiction services for clients, families, whÄ nau, and communities for a number of years (Ministry of Health, 2012). According to Ministry of Health (2014a), approximately 148,000 people accessed mental health and addiction services in 2011/12. Of these, 54% were male while 46% were female. Furthermore, approximately 126,000

Globalization Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Globalization. Answer: Introduction When the term globalization is mentioned to most people, what comes into their minds? Globalization is a term that is used to define the exchange of ideas and views, products and services as well as other aspects of culture at an international level. Globalization has made the world like a small village where individuals interact on a daily basis. A good example of globalization is for instance when nations buy or sell to other countries. For example, China selling its communication products to India (Kim, 2015). The speed at which globalization is taking place at is affected by factors such as technology. For instance, with the introduction of the social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and LinkedIn, most people across the world can interact, meet, and exchange ideas and cultures. Isnt this what globalization is about? Globalization has brought with it several impacts. Some are positive while others are destructive (Munck, 2015). But this is what is always expected. When something is good, individuals also have to remember that a coin has two sides. Nations have developed as a result of globalization while others have gone into war, like for instance war against drug trafficking in the North. The South consists of developing nations which according to statistics comprise a larger number of people who engage in drug trafficking. Due to interaction at an international level, individuals from Mexico or Latin America (which are classified in the South) transport illicit drugs like Heroin into nations like the United States of America and France (which are classified in the North) (Haughton, 2012). Countries or Industries are affected Globalization is not a new concept in the society. It began a long time ago with trading activities. However, large scale globalization began in the early 1820s. Between the 19th and 20th century, the connectivity grew very quickly due to advanced technologies hence involving a large number of nations. Almost all states are affected by globalization, from the less developed to the developed. The interaction among these nations is what brings about development. Several aspects of globalization have been identified (Boudreaux, 2015). For instance, in the year 2000, the IMF (International Monetary Fund) gave identification to the four primary aspects of globalization which are migration and movement of people, trade and transactions, dissemination of knowledge and capital and investment. These four parts play a significant role to the impacts of globalization in all nations. Almost all sectors of the economy have picked shape as result of globalization, be it directly or indirectly. When taking a keen look at all the industries available in a nation, which firm has not employed modern technologies to facilitate productivity? Are all the technologies used made in that business or country? No. Most technologies have been imported from other countries. This also applies to other products and services. For instance, in the year 2016, the top Australian imports from the world were as follows (World's Richest Countries, 2016.): Electronic equipment: twenty point two (20.2) billion US dollars which made up ten point six percent (10.6%). Medical, technical equipment: seven point eight billion US dollars (7.8) which comprised of four point one percent (4.1%) of the imports. Vehicles: twenty-six point two (26.2) billion US dollars, consisting of thirteen point nine (13.9) percent of the total imports of Mineral fuels which include oil: seventeen point six (17.6) billion US dollars Machinery: twenty-seven point three (27.3) billion US dollars. This made up to fourteen point four of the total imports in Australia. This amounts to one hundred and eighty-nine billion US dollars of imports in Australia in the year 2016. From the statists above, all sectors of the economy are affected by globalization. For infrastructure to develop, for instance, machinery, vehicles and fuel are a necessity. Despite the fact that a nation might be producing its products, there are some which will have to be imported. The Transportation, Agricultural, tourism, telecommunications, among other industries are all affected by globalization. The social media is playing a key role in facilitating the rate at which globalization is taking place. Through Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, and other social media platforms which are greatly employed by companies to advertise, people can locate places where they can get products for their firms to use as raw materials. It is through the internet that tourists can discover new places to visit in the world. Multimediality, which is the ability of the web communication platforms to support several formats of documents like videos, audio and written documents makes it possible for organizations to post crucial information regarding their organization which can be useful for investors in the case of a company and tourists in the case of a tourist organization. Positive cases of Globalization Globalization has several merits, development, cultural interaction, increased social awareness, increased competition, increased markets, stable security and wealth equality in the world (Ben-Rafael, 2012). Due to globalization, most people are aware of the latest technologies which can be used to improve productivity in firms. For instance, farmers can import required farm inputs like fertilizers to enhance productivity. When the agricultural industry is well taken care of, the nation is likely to develop since there will be sufficient food to feed the population. Nevertheless, new technologies in the Agricultural sector gives room for employment opportunities to those who will deal with the new machines. Increased competition in the world due to globalization leads to improvements in the quality and quantity of goods and services. For instance, Kenya and Ethiopia are known for coffee production, with Arabica and Robusta coffees being the major variety. For them to gain a significant market in the world, several factors have to be put into consideration whereby quality and quantity are included. The two nations will try their best to improve the standards of their products to gain attention from the world market. The final consumer is assured of quality commodity due to the global competition. In another case, there are several manufacturers of phones in the world which include Samsung, LG, Motorola and Apple. This company give the consumer a hard time in choosing which the best phone is, to differentiate them, manufacturers improve on the features. The global competition has led to the production of the best communication gadgets. With interaction all over the world, industries can identify new markets. A good example is the Coca-Cola Company which is a multinational company. The social media which is playing a great part in globalization has provided a forum whereby marketing is done targeting the entire world population. Through this, the company has widened its markets all over the world hence generation of high returns inwards. From the diffusion theory, new ideas originate from a particular place and spread. For instance, a car produced in Germany can as well be found in Australia. Nevertheless, there is also a possibility of producing a similar product in another country. Through globalization, individuals share ideas which help them develop their skills. In the process, the distribution of wealth in the world is also gaining balance. Initially, before globalization grew to large scale, the range in the development of nations was great. Probably, this might be one of the reasons why there are developed nations and developing nations (Lane, 2013). The developed nations were well-off before globalization came into existence while the developing nations were shut in the dark. With improvements in technology, ideas started being shared and the developing nations got access to what they were missing from the developed nations. Currently, nations have access to the latest technologies. This has helped to bring balance to the world economy. When it comes to security, individuals learn new techniques from other countries. For instance, after the world wars, most nations learned that they were in the risk of attacks, they started to look for ways of defending their nations whereby one of the methods was to engage in the trade of military armaments from other countries (Lofdahl, 2014). Now, with globalization nations can monitor events in other countries. In case there are plans for attacks, they are well prepared since they have the information already. With global television channels like the British Broadcast Cooperation, Al-Jazeera and CCTV, news spread all over the world within a very short time duration. Negative cases of Globalization Despite the fact that globalization has led to a world in which people interact freely, it has also brought with it negative influence. For instance, increased human and drug trafficking, and increased warfare. With globalization, people move to different parts of the world. Visitors bring with them new cultures which might not be appealing to the natives (Markovic?, 2012). For instance, according to the African culture, there are certain kinds of clothes which women are not supposed to wear. They include tight clothing which reveal their body parts as well as miniskirts. But what is happening with globalization? In fact the situation is, my cloth, my choice. There is no one to dictate what to wear except for the social media and fashion websites (Lule, 2012). The rates of immorality have gone high. With globalization, individuals of all races, gender, age, and nationality get access to all sought of information on social accounts like YouTube. For instance, pornographic videos, pict ures and messages. Some end up to commercial sex. One of the alarming concerns in the world is the drug trafficking situation in the US-Mexico border. Illicit drugs from the south like Marijuana, Cocaine and heroin find their way to the US through the Mexico border due to the globalization concept. This is not only happening in the US and Mexico only, but the entire world (Storti and Grauwe, 2013). How many cases of tourism have heard in the world where drug trafficking and sexual harassments are involved? Several. In fact in some cases, individuals had to be returned in their nations. The geographic environment of Latin America supports the production of drugs. The drugs include heroin and cocaine. Through globalization, these drugs can be transported to the United States where they find their market. Drug traffickers from Latin America can find an easy route to the US through Mexico and Central America. These Drugs have ruined the lives of many people in the US and other parts of the North Prostitution Globalization has led to the development of major cities where prostitution activities majorly take place. Prostitutes, who include children and women move into this urban areas to work as sexual workers (Kemp2013). The number of sex workers is increasing in the world as a result of globalization activities between the Northern and Southern nations. Women and children are involved in this illegal and immoral business. For instance, a report by UNICEF in the year 2003 indicated that over five hundred thousand (500,000) children Brazil in, three hundred and twenty-five (325,000) children in the US and four hundred thousand (400,000) children in India were introduced into prostitution (Kon, 2017). This condition is worsening as the impacts of globalization are increasing (Kunnie, 2015). A report by TOCTA (Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment) indicated that between the year 2007 and 2008, more than thirty-three (33) million dollars were spent on the smuggling of firearms. This affected the business activities in the world since criminals got access to weapons which they used when committing robbery (Stapley, 2016). Conclusion Globalization is crucial for the development of various sectors of the economy. For the developing nations to achieve the millennium development goals (MDG), globalization has to be a necessity. Currently, most industries rely on globalization to exist (Sua?rez-Orozco, 2014). Such industries include the tourism and technological industries. With the social media, the rate at which globalization is taking place is alarming. People can interact freely and at any time and place, in fact, it has made the world to be a global village where an individual in Australia is able to monitor what is happening in Japan or France. Some of the advantages associated with globalization include increased markets, balanced world economy and improved security levels. Some disadvantages include increased levels of immorality, drug, firearms, and human trafficking. The effects of globalization can be controlled to yield the best results. Through increasing security, problems such as drug trafficking can be reduced. With globalization providing a wide platform to study, people can be thought on how to conduct themselves with respect. This can reduce immoralities such as commercial sex and drug abuse. Substance abuse is what increases the need for drug trafficking, if there is no market, then the sales of a commodity are likely to reduce. The rate at which globalization is moving is great and there is a possibility that in the next five years, the gap between nations will be very minimal. This calls for a great attention so that majorly, the positive impacts are more than the demerits. References Ben-Rafael, E. (2012). Identity, culture and globalization. Leiden [u.a.], Brill. Boudreaux, D. J. (2015). Globalization. Westport, Conn, Greenwood Press. Haughton, S. A. (2012). Drugged Out: Globalisation and Jamaicas Resilence to Drug Trafficking. Lanham, Rowman Littlefield Pub. Group. Kempadoo, K. (2013). Prostitution and globalization: sex tourism in the Caribbean. S.l, S.O.G.M Kim, S. S. (2015). East Asia and globalization. Lanham [u.a.], Rowman and Littlefield Kon, A. (2017). Impacts of globalization and economic stabilization policies on European and Latin American labor structures. Sa?o Paulo, Brazil, Fundac?a?o Getulio Vargas, Escola de Administrac?a?o de Empresas de Sa?o Paulo Kunnie, J. (2015). The cost of globalization: dangers to the earth and its people. Lane, J.-E. (2013). Globalization - The Juggernaut Of The 21st Century. Burlington, Vt, Ashgate Lofdahl, C. L. (2014). Environmental impacts of globalization and trade: a systems study. Cambridge, Mass. [u.a.], MIT Press Lule, J. (2012). Globalization and media: global village of Babel. Lanham, Md, Rowman Littlefield. Markovic?, M. R. (2012). Impact of globalization on organizational culture, behavior and gender roles. Charlotte, Information Age Pub Munck, R. (2015). Globalization and social exclusion: a transformationalist perspective. Bloomfield, CT, Kumarian Press. Stapley, Lionel F. (2016). Globalization and Terrorism. Karnac Books. Storti, C. C., Grauwe, P. D. (2013). Illicit trade and the global economy. Cambridge, Mass, MIT Press. Sua?rez-Orozco, M. M. (2014). Globalization culture and education for the new Millennium. Berkeley, Calif, Univ. of California Press World's Richest Countries, 2016. Top Australian Imports from the World. [Online] Available at: https://www.worldsrichestcountries.com/top_australia_imports.html [Accessed 10 May 2017].

Stress Its Effects on the Brain and Body

Summary and Hypothesis Negative aspects of factors that affect human body functions cause stress. Negative factors, or stressors, arise from abnormalities in the physiological functions of the body.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Stress Its Effects on the Brain and Body specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The physiological processes that keep the human body functioning properly may suffer interference from outside or within the body such that they are not in equilibrium (Goldstein Kopin, 2007). This is the biological perspective of stress. From a psychological perspective, stress is characterized by behavioral symptoms accompanied by a negative state of mind. A person experiencing psychological stress may withdraw from various participative aspects of life. In addition, a person experiencing stress will show physical changes, and physiological processes in the body might be affected. Psychological stress results to unwillingness of an individual to engage in social activities. Imbalance in the physiology of the body results to conditions such as hypertension, lack of sleep, and irregularity of sexual desire. Stress has many effects that are less evident in the first stages of its development (Goldstein Kopin, 2007). Psychological stress is scientifically associated with physiological processes in the cell and the balance of chemical activity in the body. For example, if an individual senses that a dangerous event is about to take place, he or she might react physically by running away or emotionally by getting psychologically prepared to fight back. Thus, psychological reaction involves physiological processes.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This proves that reaction to stress has both psychological and physiological aspects. While the anatomy and physical construction of the brain is well known, its operation and the precise mechanisms responsible for its proper functioning are poorly understood (Fleshner et al., 2011). This makes it necessary to study psychology through empirical examination and randomized trials. In this paper, stress is examined from both biological and psychological perspectives. Physiological factors that cause stress and the external factors that influence physiology of the human body are examined. Throughout an individual’s life, residual stress is always present. When an infant is born, mechanisms are usually in place so that the child reacts to stressors whenever they are present. Thus, stress is natural and cannot be eliminated. A situation where one does not experience stress at all is inconceivable. When there are no stressors at all, an individual will not feel pressured to react to any event even when the matter is of critical urgency. If a particular stressor affects a person repeatedly, the reaction of the in dividual to the stressor is often different on every occasion. The experience of the event in the past may either improve the ability of the individual to cope with stress or worsen it (Goldstein, Kopin, 2007). Stress is only considered harmful to an individual if it builds up beyond a certain level. However, stress is normally present in all human beings, and is a critical factor in fostering motivation.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Stress Its Effects on the Brain and Body specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Stress may be caused by a situation outside the body such as a traumatizing event, but may also be a result of an uncomfortable state of the body (Blackburn Munro, 2001). Conditions such as constant or repetitive pain, nausea, cold, extreme warmth and even pressure cause excessive stress. Various experiments have been used to investigate the nature of stress and the manner in which people react to it. Some of the approaches used to examine the concept of stress are based on biological evidence alone, while others are based on empirical analysis of the state of the human mind (Valentino Bockstaele, 2008). The level of stress in an individual may be determined by the extent to which the physical equilibrium in the body has been disturbed. On the other hand, the behavior of the affected individual may be evaluated for a psychological analysis. Reactions such as anxiety determine presence of excessive stress (Kudielka WÃ ¼st, 2010). Introduction And Background Walter Cannon linked stress to the balance of chemical activity in the body in the early 1920s. This was the beginning of association of stress with the situations external to the body. Early psychobiologists such as Hans Selye supported this perspective. Later, scientists such as Lindemann found an association of stress with events that did not necessarily cause changes in the physiology of the body (Valentino Bocks taele, 2008).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In that essence, stress is a complex condition that can only be described by the symptoms and reactions exhibited by those who suffer from it. Major events in history such as the holocaust and the two world wars were influential in the study of stress. The psychological state of the former soldiers who fought in the wars and the survivors of the holocaust helped scientists to link traumatizing events to long-term effects of stress (Valentino Bockstaele, 2008). These scientists used various models such as the concept of individual stress and that of family stress. The reactions of people to stress as a group and that of an individual were studied in reference to historical events such as the great depression of the1920s and 1930s. During the First World War, scientists approached stress from a physiological point of view. People exhibiting symptoms of stress were thought to be suffering from physiological disorders that hindered the brain from functioning properly (Blackburn Munro, 2001). While classical scientists associated stress with groups such as families and prison inmates, contemporary scientists associate stress with an individual. The scientists focus on the effects of stress on the human body and the state of mind. Research Discussion Stress is known to affect the health of an individual, depending on specific reactions to it. In that essence, scientists have experimented and studied the physiological reaction to mental stress by the body. In addition, the effects of stress on individual minds are studied. Stress is known to change the mental reaction patterns of an individual particularly if it persists for a long time. The reaction itself is the activity of chemicals released by specific parts of the body. There are various reaction patterns exhibited by different individuals who are experiencing situations that are known to cause stress. R.S. Lazarus and Albert were the first scientists to study stress from the perspective of the nature of react ion exhibited by an individual experiencing stress. They did this study by subjecting some people to stressful vision. Several individuals were required to watch graphic and bloody scenes of a film and report their feelings about the particular film to analysts. Some of the people who were involved in the experiment reacted by saying that the situations presented were not real and were created artificially (Blackburn Munro, 2001). Others expressed concern for the plight of the people who were undergoing painful experiences in the film. It was found that the kind of reaction and the intensity of the reaction of the individuals depended on the environment of the person. Experiences had critical influence on the manner in which people reacted to the film. However, experience did not mean that the people involved experienced less stress (Blackburn Munro, 2001) In fact, in some cases, experience reduced ability of the person to cope with stress. In the particular experiment, it became difficult to describe the cause of particular reactions. A stressful situation such as the films had many factors in its details that had the ability to cause stress. It became difficult to distinguish the details that a particular person focused on. Consequently, it was clear that stress depended on the reaction of the particular person to specific details and could not be generalized. Organization and Analysis The idea of looking at stress from the perspective of coping was adopted by modern psychologists. Two approaches to coping with stress are known. When there is presence of a factor that is causing stress, some people will choose to confront the issue and find a solution. These people see the situation as a barrier that must be overcome. On the other hand, a person experiencing a problem that causes stress may choose to change the perspective from which he or she views the situation. The situation then ceases to be an emotional issue to the particular individual. This approac h of coping with stress may be dangerous if it becomes an individual’s way of dealing with every difficult situation. Furthermore, people who consider this approach of dealing with stress pervasive call it mal-adaptive stress coping. Changing the perception about a stressful situation that might cause harm does not eliminate the possibility of the situation causing damage. Thus, the first approach of formulating a solution to the problem is the best way to manage factors that cause stress since the problem may eventually be solved. This approach is called the adaptive approach to stress coping. People have similar patterns of adopting coping methods in stressful situations. It is not possible for people to share identical stress causatives since their lives are different. One’s social status, expectations, hopes, and beliefs are some of the factors that determine a person’s perception of a situation. The perception determines the different people’s reacti on to stress. For example, a wealthy man might not consider college school fees for his daughter to be a stressful matter. On the other hand, a person earning little money may consider this a stressful problem. Since no two situations are precisely identical, it is difficult for reactions of different people to the same problem to be identical (Valentino Bockstaele, 2008). If people of ideally similar capabilities are subjected to identical stressful situations, the reaction pattern in an effort to cope with the problem will be the same. The first step in the reaction is the attempt to find a solution to the problem. If the situation has a particular achievable solution, it is likely that the individual will try to solve the problem. On the other hand, if the situation has no apparent solution, the reaction becomes emotional, and the individual may adopt escapism as a way of dealing with the stress. Ideally, similar situations cause relatively identical reactions in people of simil ar capabilities. Stress such as that related to similar situations at work or at home among family members causes similar reaction patterns (Valentino Bockstaele, 2008). Some of the physical changes that take place in a human being in an effort by the body to overcome stress include the release of hormones that cause vascular constriction and speed up cardiac action. Some other processes such as digestion and transmission of nervous signals may also stop so that physical feeling is not possible in some parts of the body. Depending on the individual, the rise of the level of resistance to stress occurs in varying patterns (Valentino Bockstaele, 2008). People who often overreact to stressors raise the level of resistance to stressing factors, and are highly susceptible to diseases and disorders related to stress. When an individual’s mind has a memory of a stress-causing factor, stress may occur repetitively, eventually leading to development of a disease (Kudielka WÃ ¼st, 2010). However, it is evident that the possibility of developing disease even after undergoing stress varies from one individual to another. Diseases that might occur due to repetitive stress can be serious and permanent disorders due to overreaction of organs to the stressful situations. On the other hand, reaction to stress causes excessive consumption of energy and other resources. If the reaction to stress is prolonged, the immune system is suppressed due to diversion of energy. Pathogens may then flourish in this environment and cause disease. This occurs even with the mild situations that cause minimal but persistent stress (Kudielka WÃ ¼st, 2010). Conclusion From the above analysis, one can conclude that stress is a complex concept with varying definitions that depend on individual perception. However, it is evident that stress must always be there to prompt reaction to situations that must be attended to. In addition, stress can be either beneficial or harmful. Motivation and innovation are constructive aspects of reaction to stress. On the other hand, stress is capable of causing disorders and diseases to humans if it persists. When an individual is exposed to stress causing factors for a long time, the stress may become permanent. This may also occur if the stress-causing factor is of a significantly high magnitude such that it leaves an impression in the cognitive memory of the individual. Other situations cause stress that an individual may not have the capability to cope with. In these situations, one is not able to solve the causative problem or ignore it. Consequently, stress increases and persists culminating in chronic depression. Such stress may cause cardiovascular disease, mental disorder, and affect the general health of an individual negatively (Blackburn Munro, 2001). Another deduction is that reaction to stress is almost similar if all other factors are constant. This can only happen in ideal situations. Such situations are difficult to simulate, but scientists try to create their approximations for the purpose of experimentation. On the issue of coping with stress, the problem solving approach is more constructive since the stressor may finally be eliminated. On the other hand, in the second approach the stressor is ignored and is no longer perceived as a threat. Thus, the problem might continue to cause damage. However, this approach is suitable for countering stressors that are not harmful when they are ignored. References Blackburn, G., Munro, R. (2001). Chronic Pain, Chronic Stress and Depression: Coincidence or Consequence?. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 13(12), 1009-1023. Fleshner, M., Maier, S., Lyons, D. (2011). The neurobiology of the stress-resistant brain.. Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 14(5), 498-502. Goldstein, D., Kopin, I. (2007). Evolution of concepts of stress.. Stress (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 10(2), 109-120. Kudielka, B., WÃ ¼st, S. (2010). Human models in acute and chronic stress: Assessing determinants of individual hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis activity and reactivity. Stress: The International Journal on the Biology of Stress, 13(1), 1-14. Valentino, R., Bockstaele, E. V. (2008). Convergent regulation of locus coeruleus activity as an adaptive response to stress. European Journal of Pharmacology, 583(2- 3), 194-203. This research paper on Stress Its Effects on the Brain and Body was written and submitted by user Hepz1bah to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Judas at the Jockey Club essays

Judas at the Jockey Club essays William H. Beezleys Judas at the Jockey Club provides the reader with an accurate in-depth view of a struggling and developing Mexico throughout the Porfirian era up to the year 1910. Beezley considers this period in Mexican history to begin around 1876 and states that the social, political and economic factors are considered as an argument that this period can be seen as the foundation for modern Mexico. The author also examines the ordinary aspects of the every day lives of Mexicans. From sports to recreation, from work to jobs, and from ceremonies to celebrations in order to illustrate the extent to which the two main culture groups of Mexican society, los de arriba (the elite) and los de abajo (the underclass) live their very separate lives. Beezleys research was extremely extensive, but organized to perfection. He used an impressive amount of different newspapers, magazines, and books to successfully cover the cultural separations and highly defined differences of the two social divisions in the developing nation of Mexico around the turn of the 20th century. The author uses over one hundred different sources to inform the reader that there is much more to Mexican life than seen by the naked eye. However, Beezley could have supported his views on the lower class with a further in-depth focus as he did so with the upper class. Overall, his research and argument was well written. He captures local Mexican views and standpoints of both the upper and lower classes and created a division that would make a reader, with any or little previous knowledge of Latin American study, understand with the greatest of ease. Judas at the Jockey Club is divided into three large sections of interest including Sport & Recreation (elite class), Rocks & Rawhide in Rural Society (lower class), and finally, one entitled Judas at the Jockey Club. The first section of sport and recreation is a true test of knowledge and an endless suppl...

Principles of International Business Management Essay

Principles of International Business Management - Essay Example Having established itself on a firm footing within the domestic markets, the company started looking for avenues of growth in foreign markets. To undertake such an initiative, the company studied took stock of its internal as well external factors which drive its urge for entering a foreign market. Internal factors are of course the strengths of the company while external factors were compiled after doing an environment analysis. In addition the company also undertook an analysis of PESTLE factors for the particular markets, where the company was supposed to go. All such factors were not looked into 'in isolation', because one particular factor might have a spillover effect on couple of other factors and vice-versa. All such permutations and combinations were taken into account while preparing for an expansion strategy. Reckitt Benckiser has over the year successfully implemented the strategy of building strong brands across all its key categories like surface care, fabric care, dishwashing, home care, health and personal care and food. If Lysol is a leading brand in disinfectant cleaning, Calgon holds the number one market position in fabric care in Europe. Similarly placed are the major categories like Vanish (fabric care), Veet (cosmetic depilatories), Mortein (pest control) and Airwick (air fragrance). The company highlighted the brand equity to its fullest potential, while negotiating with foreign collaborators for investing in a new market. This strategy paid off rich dividends for the company with its top 15 brands consistently accounting for a majority of the company's revenues, from 40% of total revenues in 2001 to about 56% in 2005. Such a brand creation in different categories allows Reckitt to; Differentiate its products and earn a price premium and Provides a competitive advantage to the company in the market place. In addition the company also resorted to ambush marketing depending upon the scenario of competition in some of the foreign markets. For example, in one such recent case (23 Nov 2006), the company also won a legal battle against its rival in India, Hindustan Liver Ltd. (HLL), when the courts upheld the contention of Reckitt Benckiser concerning the advertisement of Dettol soap. For marketing the products the company has been dependent on Supermarkets and hypermarkets which form the most important distribution channel, e.g. accounting for 65.2% of the UK market's value and 69.5% of the European market's value. The company used innovation as its core competitive strategy which helped the company in creating product differentiation and providing it the competitive edge. Motivational factors for undertaking foreign investments are mainly; To tap the vast consumer market outside Europe and UK. Markets in India, China and other Asian countries are developing very fast and these markets have immense potential for a company dealing with consumer items. The company had established itself quite well in the home market and wanted to move on in newer markets. Company wanted to take the competitors head on, not only in domestic market but in overseas market as well. To

Service Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Service Learning - Essay Example In this regard, service learning can be defined as the method that involves the teaching of students through active formal learning together with enhanced participation in the social contexts such as community development. In this regard, the principals and practices of the formal learning processes are run concurrently with the social practices that are mainly beneficial to the immediate community (Carrington & Saggers, 2008). Indeed, service learning is normally under the category of experimental education whereby its implementation occurs in the form of youth service. Due to its complex nature, service learning normally goes hand in hand with the interaction of various people of all diversity (Butin, 2008). Due to this effect, the academic service learning has proved itself beyond any reasonable doubt that it is certainly an effective program for preparing new teachers to work with people from diverse groups. This means that a number of specific skills and knowledge exist that bot h the students and the teachers acquire in the process. In this sense, these skills do a great deal of work in improving the educational outcomes of children from diverse backgrounds (Center for Innovative Teaching and Learning, 2011). This paper, with specific reference to Butin’s conceptual framework, analytically discusses the impact of academic service learning in promoting coping with diversity at the educational institutions in order to improve the learning outcomes of the students. Indeed, academic service learning is a crucial process of learning that incorporates both the formal and the communal components of the educational framework that the students undergo in order to be wholesome (Butin, 2008). While the students undergo thoughtfully organized learning, they in the process engage in such activities that are gainful to the community at large. This helps strengthen the bond between the teachers, students, and the locals of the communities with the schools being th e epicenter of this mutual relationship. This service normally meets the needs of the immediate community through the integration of the academic curriculum of the students into the educational components that relate to the community in order to reflect an experience of service (National Service-Learning Clearinghouse, 2013). More often than not, the opportunities that service learning offers students range from the application of the learning of the classroom to the enhancement of the local agencies that are in existence for the benefit of the community (Center for Innovative Teaching and Learning, 2011). Therefore, service learning broadly involves the deliverance of service to others through an organized academic learning criterion (Butin, 2008). A simple service learning activity may involve collecting trash in the urban areas to add value to the community before proceeding to a thorough scrutiny of the effect of the trash collected on the environment through a classroom and lab oratory process. Afterwards, the students may opt to share the results of their findings as far as pollution is concerned with the local residents in an attempt to sensitize them on the need to protect and conserve the environment (Carrington & Saggers, 2008). Through such activities of service learning, both students and teachers are bound to cope

Adolescent Sexuality and Risk Factors Essay Example for Free

Adolescent Sexuality and Risk Factors Essay Adolescence is that period between childhood and adulthood, when the adolescent is discovering his or her own identity and dealing with the transition. It is also a time of becoming more aware of sexuality and establishing patterns for future relationships. Those identifying as nonheterosexual i.e. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual or Transgender (LGBT), face even more challenges than their heterosexual counterparts. One challenge is their health. Russell and Consolacion (2003) conducted a study on the topic of romance and emotional health of adolescents. The authors concluded that youth who had same-sex attractions and who were not in relationships showed increased measures of anxiety and depression. They also had more suicidal ideation than heterosexual youth. The dangers of smoking are well researched and documented. Easton, Jackson, Mowery, Comeau and Sell (2008) in their study concluded that same-sex and bisexual youth are at greater risk for tobacco use. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) notes that increased stress level, mental health and other physical health problems are common among LGBT youth (CDC, 2011). Ray (2006) in a study of homelessness among LGBT youth notes that they face a number of problems in additional to being homeless. They are at increased risk of mental health issues, high risk sexual behaviour to support themselves, substance abuse and victimisation. Education is important and LGBT adolescents face challenges in this area. Many of them are likely to be runaways so their education suffers as they are absent from school for long periods. Himmelstein Brà ¼ckner (2011) noted that these young people were also at risk for being more severely punished at school and in the justice system. They are also victims of violence and discrimination at school, often being bullied, teased and harassed (â€Å"LGBT bullying† n.d.). Counsellors working with adolescents who are LBGT must be sensitive to the feelings of uncertainty, rejection and fear that these young people are experiencing.

Inevitable Grief in Not Yet, Jayette :: Not Yet Jayette Essays

Inevitable Grief in Not Yet, Jayette In the short story "Not Yet, Jayette" by William Boyd, Charlie, the narrator and main character, describes a day in his life, and tries to understand, what is going on with him, and where and when his life took a turn towards misery. He states: "It seems to me that everybody in their life is at least two people. Once when you're a child, and once when you're an adult. It's the saddest thing." We will now try to see how this statement relates to his life, and whether or not this phenomenon can be said to be symptomatic for our culture. Charlie, the main character of the short story, spends his life in Los Angeles, mostly looking for famous people. He used to be a star himself, when he was a child, but this came to an end as soon as he reached puberty. Now he is trying to recover the glamour of his childhood, but it is infinitely lost to him. This leads him to the reflection mentioned above. I would argue, however, that he himself is not really changed. As a character, he appears never to have fully grown up. What has changed, is the attitude of the world towards him. His society, Hollywood, in the middle of the California of the American Dream, estimates youth above all, and maintains a "childish" attitude towards things. He himself, however, is excluded from the people he dreams of being with. He lives in a world of disillusionment, the wrong side of Hollywood, together with all those who have never succeeded. But he has somehow conserved a certain hopeful candour, which makes us pity him, as we know he should have no hope. This has however prevented him from sinking into the total despair of e.g. Vanessa, the woman he calls "aunt" . He keeps on dreaming about being famous, rich and young, and he views his own existence as a kid as something close to Paradise. As I have already mentioned, he does not cope with existence like an adult. He is not able to keep his work, his family has been broken to pieces, and yet, all he does is looking for the rich and famous, and dreaming about the return of his career. He is secretly proud that Jayette, the woman in the coffee-shop, has noticed him.

Newspaper Industry

Annals of the „Constantin Brancusi† University of Targu Jiu, Economy Series, Issue 3/2012 THE DISTRIBUTION NETWORK DEVELOPEMENT IN PRINT MEDIA Assoc. Lect. Loredana Iordache Ph. D University of Craiova [email  protected] fr Lect. Radu Criveanu Ph. D University of Craiova [email  protected] com Assoc. Prof. Cernaianu Nicolae Ph. D Titu Maiorescu University, Bucharest [email  protected] com Abstract: In this article, we identify the characteristics of the distribution networks in print media and the features of marketing in mass media, emphasising the attempts initiated by the press in the context of the financial crisis.The research was conducted through a case study on regional newspaper,, Gazeta de Sud† The main problems analyzed were decreasing newspaper circulation and advertising. The research taken into account trends and developments worldwide print media as well as print media particularities of Romania, with a focus on identifying factors that contribu ted to the closure of a significant number of newspapers, or their transition from printed version online format.The paper is mainly focused on some practical issues related to the way of organizing the print media sales networks, the authors elaborating proposals for the implementation of certain measures to increase the circulation, on the one hand, and on the hand, to increase the sale of ad space in the newspaper. Compared with other products, the newspaper has unique characteristics caused by daily changing content, and therefore the product itself. Having a highly perishable, the content of media products should always seen in relation to time, which requires more rapid distribution and continuous production.Key words: distribution networks, advertising, marketing strategies, print media JEL Code: L11,L22,M37 Introduction: The way in which the economic crisis has influenced the distribution policies differs from one company to another and from one activity domain to another. I n order to understand the application procedure of the distribution policy at the level of the media institutions, it is necessary to clarify the content of the media products and of the specific elements that favors or limit the application of marketing concepts, methods and techniques. One of the main characteristics f the media selling network is the fact that it generates profit, not only by an increase in the number of sold newspapers, but also by an increase in the number of readers, which determines a growth in the newspaper space sold for advertising. Fixing the selling price of ad space depends on several criteria mainly related to audience size and its socio-economic profile. Advertising buyers invest in newspaper ad space in terms of achieving a certain number of users or buyers (Bertand, 2001). Type of distribution networks is different from one country to another depending on a number of features.Thus in France and Italy press is bought mainly from newsstands, in Sweden is generalized newspapers home delivery while in U. S. besides newspapers home delivery are mainly used newspapers vending machines. The study analyzes the current situation of media products market with special emphasis on the print media in Romania and proposes a series of measures for development and improvement of distribution networks. The importance given to this activity consists in the need for information on the paper available to the readers. 1.Current trends in print media The economic crisis caused a serious decline in the print media circulation, contributing to a great extent to the dissolution of many important papers, a part of which can only be found online. The print media industry finds itself in a critical moment. In the last few years, the media institutions have tried to develop online products and to find new income sources to provide for the transition from the printed paper to the digital one. Although the access to the Internet is continuously growing, the value of the revenues generated by the Internet newspapers is still very low.According to the data presented on different specialized websites [11] in 2011, in the USA the revenues from advertising in the print media format were still in decline for the sixth year in a row. Thus, according to the study by Amy Mitchell and Tom Rosentiel of The Project for Excellence in Journalism (PEJ) the losses generated in 2011 by „ACADEMICA BRANCUSI† PUBLISHER, ISSN 1844 – 7007 141 Annals of the „Constantin Brancusi† University of Targu Jiu, Economy Series, Issue 3/2012 the advertising decrease on the print paper were ten times higher than the revenues generated by the online advertising [12].The situation is as critical in Europe as it is in Romania where a number of papers closed or remained only with their the online version. An analysis of the Romanian press situation shows that the advertising revenues for the online newspapers are low, despite having register ed a sudden improvement lately [7]. Thus, the central papers register a higher income than the local papers, which have insignificant revenues that do not compensate for the revenues obtained from the print version of the newspaper, though more and more readers have access to the Internet [6].As far as the online market for the local publications is concerned, we consider that the strategy adopted should be differently approached, because the local companies, as faithful clients for advertising, have not been interested yet in online advertising. In addition to this, the integral online version of the paper has an increased number of readers, but reduces the number of print version buyers and therefore decreases the revenues. It is probable that the general tendency of the media is to be published online.But, we should not forget that the online version is not accessible to important categories of the population, at least not yet to the rural population. From our point of view, the main reasons why the sale of advertising spaces in the online version of the newspaper did not have the estimated results are the following: a) Firstly, the most important national papers, which impose the trend on the market, have a wrong marketing strategy, offering the online content of the paper to the readers free of charge.At the same time, there is no solution found to financially evaluate the new audience gained on the internet. In other words, by consciously moving the readers from the print version to the electronic/online version, the papers have lost important sums of money. b) Secondly, the financial crisis has determined a budget adjustment in advertising, which had subsequently an impact on the entire print media in Romania. The important advertising clients have focused only on TV lately, by allocating their budgets to the TV stations as a media vehicle and completely eliminating the newspapers from the marketing mix. ) Thirdly, another reason for this situation is t he fact that, once moved on the internet, the newspapers became direct competitors for the advertising budgets together will the other websites. Before the technological revolution brought about by the Internet, the papers were in competition with the other media (TV and radio stations etc. ) . Nowadays, the newspapers compete for the online budgets not only with the other media, but with the entire spectrum of websites, from Google to Facebook and Yahoo. ) Another reason, as mentioned above, is the distrust of the faithful clients of the local advertising in the impact of the digital version of the paper. In Romania, the number of publication have dramatically dropped, the audience rates have become half of the 2008 value and the editorial offices have to constantly take measures to reduce costs [5]. The number of employees is continually decreasing, leading to a reduction in the number of quality articles that may be produced.Moreover, the reporters are asked to produce more and t o increase the content for all the platforms: print, digital, mobile, but also to promote this content on the social networks. This fact led to a general dissatisfaction among the reporters. At the same time, the revenues from the paper selling and from the advertising spaces in the print version have decreased, and values from the online revenues could not compensate for the difference. A major part of the paper circulation is determined by the distribution costs.The circulation of a newspaper represents the number of copies distributed for a paper edition and it is formed of the papers sold by piece, with subscription, in promotions or for protocols etc. A new approach in the case of many regional newspapers is to concentrate on the most profitable zones, thus reducing the costs. The marketing strategy is based on the fidelity of the readers and not on approaching new markets. As opposed to other goods, the paper is a perishable product which is quickly replaced by another one.On account of this, the selling price is low in order to assure its accessibility, a quick selling and implicitly the market clearance for new products. However, the costs are high and the profit share is low under these circumstances. For the production of a newspaper, the producer needs a series of resources, such as: raw material and equipment, qualified workforce and something specialised for the mass media institutions, namely information and cultural creation.Economic crisis determined higher costs for the raw material (especially for paper) and for specialised and wellqualified workforce The selling price of the newspaper is set taking into consideration the following items: – the editing cost of the newspaper; – the printing cost of the newspaper; – the distribution cost of the newspaper; – the commissions paid to the media distribution companies, respectively the selling workforce; – the percentage of the assumed returned copies (the number o f printed but not sold copies).Starting from the data presented above and targeting a certain profit, the selling price is set per piece/copy (the cover price). Regarding the subscription price, alongside with the editing, printing and distribution prices of the newspaper, we have to take into account the commissions owed to the post office and to the agents and distributors. Some research studies about the Western European press market show that the investments necessary for launching a publication pay off in 3-4 years.In comparison with other activity domains that assure their profit from the direct sale of the product, the press institutions cannot survive based on the exclusive paper selling activity. „ACADEMICA BRANCUSI† PUBLISHER, ISSN 1844 – 7007 142 Annals of the „Constantin Brancusi† University of Targu Jiu, Economy Series, Issue 3/2012 The revenues of the print media institutions are varied and unequal, depending on the type of paper and its impact on the market. The mass media market is a dual market of the mass-media products as far as the revenues registered in massmedia are concerned.The revenues come from two categories of buyers: the media products buyers and the massmedia advertising buyers (Coman, 2007). The revenues of the press institutions are obtained from the following types of activities: a). the retail or subscription selling; b). the advertising space selling for the clients who want to publish their own messages on the support offered by the press institutions; c). the selling/renting of the access right on the newspapers websites (advertising on the online version of the newspaper); d). the amounts obtained from different sources as sponsorship.Each type of these revenues contribute more or less to the success of the company's activity and are tightly interconnected and reciprocally supporting. 2. Selling strategies in print press One source of revenue is provided by the newspaper selling, but the most important source, as we previously mentioned, is the advertising spaces sold. The advertising is divided in two categories: – the small ad, which included small sized announcements narrowly targeted to different categories (job offers and demands, selling and buying real states, vehicles or other products, service provisions, renting offers and demands, commemorations, deaths and condolences etc. ) whose price is set according to the number of words, the font and the number of daily publications requested. – the display ad (the larger ad), which includes those medium or large sized announcements, and can include even a whole newspaper page and whose price is determined by the page position, by the display size, the number of editions, the number of colours used (black or multicoloured).Many of the large ad announcements are commissioned and mediated by the advertising companies. The advertising advantages in the print media are determined by the fact that this type of media advertising is flexible both in dimension and in price, with opportunities for coloured advertising, smaller or bigger or with different inserts. So that the profits from advertising to be really relevant for the company owners, it is first necessary to understand that, by attracting a bigger volume of advertising, regardless of its type, is correlated with the paper circulation and audience.The individual persons, but especially the big economic agents and advertising agencies are well aware of the fact that the advertising impact in the newspaper is in direct ration with the number of that paper's readers and when they take the decision of publishing an ad, they analyse very carefully, by comparison, both the tariffs, and the circulation or the number of readers of the papers with the profile and the coverage area they need.BRAT (The Romanian Office of Circulation Audit) is the authority able to certify the circulation number for a newspaper or a publication for certain aud ited periods, and SNA (The National Audience Study) is the authority which, on the basis of surveys, measures the audience number of a publication, that is the average number of readers per edition of that publication (in general, a copy of a newspaper is read by 4-5 people) .Taking into consideration the facts mentioned above, it is obvious that a bigger selling volume, even when it does not directly generate profit, brings about higher revenues from advertising, which in their turn, bring considerable profit for the editor. Thus, the selling objectives of the company become extremely important. In this study we used a comprehensive approach to examine different aspects of distribution networks in press. In order to achieve the purpose we used as research method the case study of the biggest regional newspaper in the country. Data ollection was performed using as investigative tools interviews with distribution and advertising managers, direct observation and also analysis of archi val documents and data. The research findings have resulted in measures aimed at developing sales networks in print but also to redress those in free fall due to the economic crisis. According to BRAT studies newspaper Gazeta de Sud from Craiova is the most widely read regional newspaper in Romania, having over 100,000 readers / day and an an average circulation number of over 16. 000 copies [8]. Gazeta de Sud is distributed in Dolj, Olt, Gorj, Mehedinti and Valcea counties.The newspaper covers every possible editorial domains specific to a newspaper: local news, social problems, sport events, health issues, education, culinary recipes, TV programmes and recommendations, investigations, economy, culture, events and celebrities' life. Gazeta de Sud is a member of the Romanian Office of Circulation Audit. Gazeta de Sud consists of the editing board and the selling departments of the newspaper (the distribution department that deals with selling the newspaper by using newspaper sellers and the distribution news stands and the subscription selling department).The selling force of the company is supplemented by the advertising selling department which has the role to sell advertising space in the newspaper and in the online version of the paper. As market competitors for Gazeta de Sud in Oltenia we can mention other regional papers, such as Editie Speciala or Cuvantul Libertatii. The average daily circulation numbers of these newspapers, of 3. 000 – 4. 000 copies „ACADEMICA BRANCUSI† PUBLISHER, ISSN 1844 – 7007 143Annals of the „Constantin Brancusi† University of Targu Jiu, Economy Series, Issue 3/2012 (circulation numbers not audited by BRAT! ), are much inferior to the circulation numbers of Gazeta de Sud, despite having a selling price and a subscription price lower than the prices of Gazeta de Sud. Among its competitors, we should mention other regional weekly publications, such as Saptamana in Oltenia/The Week in Oltenia a nd Expresul de Sud/The Southern Express, but their circulation numbers do not exceed 2. 00 – 3. 000 copies. The content quality of Gazeta de Sud, the printing quality, the supplements offered and, last but not the least, the advantage of a very early distribution system and a very well organised complaints solving system greatly favour this newspaper in winning the competition with its local or regional, daily or weekly newspapers. As any other private company, this too aims at obtaining profit as a result of a superior value creation for consumers, satisfying better the consumers' needs.Based on analysis of data from several local newspapers, it was observed that during this difficult period the press efforts are centred on sales and special offers are created to attract more and more clients for advertising. The circulation of a publication represent the number of sold copies distributed for an edition and is formed of the copies sold as retail, by subscription, promotions and protocols etc. Part of these copies which are not sold return to the company and represent daily financial loss.The distribution system of the Gazeta de Sud newspaper is presented in the figure below( fig. no. 1): Fig. no1. The circulation components As observed in the figure above, the selling circuit of print media includes three main components, namely the retail selling and the subscription selling. a) The retail selling is divided in: – the retail selling by the press distribution companies; – the retail selling by the press distributors; The retail selling by the press distribution companies is done at the news stands.The disadvantages of retail selling by the press distribution companies are especially determined by: – the selling presentation mode of the newspaper – very often illustrating the exclusive preferences of the sellers from the news stand, only certain publications are exposed and made visible to the detriment of other rival publica tion. In order to avoid this situation, the appointed personnel of Gazeta de Sud monitors and permanently assures that the newspaper is exposed at sight, giving the possibility to the clients to easily read the headlines. the delayed cash collection from the press distribution companies for the sold newspapers (minus the commissioned charged by these companies) – the relatively hard collection of return papers (unsold newspapers), which requires material and time resources. As a main advantage of the retail selling by the press distribution companies we mention the fact that, in this way, the editor benefits from an efficient selling manner of its newspaper, due to qualified personnel and strategic locations placed in the area with intense traffic (the news stands).The retail selling by the newspaper sellers is an alternative to selling at the news stands, intended not to replace it, but to complete it. In general, the newspaper sellers are placed at: – traffic lights crossroads, a situation in which the clients are the car drivers that wait for the green light; – supermarkets, markets, train stations, bus stations, traffic ways with many shops and open-air coffee shops where there are many passers-by.The newspaper sellers try to adjust to their potential clients by attracting them into buying the product offered. If in the case of the news stands, the client is the one heading for the newspaper, in the case of the newspaper sellers, we can figuratively speak about the newspaper that come directly to the client, facilitating and providing a very comfortable sale.The advantages of selling the newspaper by the newspaper sellers are the following: – facilitating the newspaper selling process for the client, making it easy, comfortable and quick; – attracting undecided clients and transforming them, in many situations, in faithful clients of that newspaper seller; – covering areas where the press distribution companies do not own news stands, thus providing access to the newspaper for a larger number of potential clients; „ACADEMICA BRANCUSI† PUBLISHER, ISSN 1844 – 7007 44 Annals of the „Constantin Brancusi† University of Targu Jiu, Economy Series, Issue 3/2012 – prompt cash collection for the sold newspapers; – minimum returned newspapers, due to very meticulously and well organised daily orders and to the possibilities to supplement the order of a newspaper seller, that is giving to another seller the order left unsold in one area, according to the selling number of newspapers at a certain hour.As a drawback, we mention the often poor quality of the people willing to accept such jobs, there being situations when the clients were disturbed by the very insisting newspaper sellers (verbal aggression or not receiving the right change). Another form of retail selling, successfully practised in the United States of America and in many European Union countries is selling by newspaper vending machines. In Romania, there have been many attempts to implement such vending machines, especially in the supermarkets, given the advantage of eliminating the human intermediary from this distribution hain, whether it is the the news stand seller or the newspaper seller. However, by eliminating this intermediary and thus the disadvantages specific for these two types of retail selling, other disadvantages became obvious, such as: – the relatively higher price of the newspaper vending machines; – the building technique of these machines, which presupposes the opening of a door the moment one introduces the money, giving the possibility to take more than one paper.This does not represent a drawback for the civilised countries, but in Romania, for easily understood reasons, the editors prefer machines that give only one paper at a time. But, there are technical details to take into account here, such as the variable weight of a paper from o ne edition to the other and from one publication to the other. b) Selling by subscription Most of the editors prefer to offer the client this possibility too, that is to get the newspaper by subscribing to the system.The client's advantages are the following: – the client's safety that he'll get the right publication, avoiding the risk of not finding the newspaper at the news stands; – the subscription price is much smaller than the total price paid by the buyer for each item bought individually in a month; – the paper is received by the subscriber at the address mentioned, without being necessary to go and get it or to waste time doing it; – for the clients in the rural area, where the news stands are generally missing, it is practically impossible to get the wanted newspaper; Nonetheless, there are also disadvantages, such as: – the subscription has to be paid in full in advance, for the entire subscription period; – the paper is usually d elivered at late hours, when many people are already gone to work or to their daily activities, thus loosing one of the basic qualities (offering late, up-to-the-moment news and information); – the newspapers with weekend editions (on Saturday or Sunday) are distributed in the countryside on Monday; – the mail boxes, especially at the blocks of flats, are generally unsafe and easily allow for getting the newspaper by evil-minded people, which subsequently leads to a general discontent of the subscriber who thinks that probably the newsagent was not delivered.From the perspective of the press trust, the subscription price, in the case of Gazeta de Sud, does not always cover all these costs, but it is an accepted loss because the final profit is targeted and that is advertising (a profit which is direct relation to the circulation number of the newspaper and with the subscription number). However, the selling on subscriptions targets the fidelity of the clients, increasi ng the audience and implicitly the selling figures from advertising and much less the profit. Practically, the buyers by subscriptions are encouraged to buy a product at a much lower price per item than that bought daily from the news stands.Generally, the number of subscriptions represents a significant profit from the total circulation number of that publication. Moreover, the subscribers are usually those faithful clients that assure the safety for continuing to publish that publication and on which the editor bases the future planning. The anticipated payment of the subscription allows the editor to collect in advance considerable amounts of money, that would help organise the activities for the next period. The subscriptions do not usually generate significant profit for the editor. There are situations when the subscription price hardly covers the editing and printing costs form that publication.The starting idea is that a great number of subscriptions means a an increased cir culation number and thus a larger audience, this leading to obtaining more advertising clients from the specialised companies. The advertising companies carefully analyse the data given by the certified institutions, such as BRAT in the case of the circulation numbers, and SNA for audience, and their quantitative and value offer for large advertising is in accordance with the data. Given this fact, the editors do not necessarily target profit from subscriptions, but they calculate the indirect profit derived from advertising, due to the large audience of the newspaper. Subscribing at the post office is the most used form of subscribing to a publication. „ACADEMICA BRANCUSI† PUBLISHER, ISSN 1844 – 7007 145Annals of the „Constantin Brancusi† University of Targu Jiu, Economy Series, Issue 3/2012 The national company the Romanian Post covers the whole country and on an agreement basis, concludes contracts with the editors and distributes subscriptions to a series of publications. Another form of subscription, practised especially by several local and regional newspapers, is the subscription through their own subscribing network. Such subscribing networks have been created because the editors wanted to increase the number of subscribers, thus adding up to the subscriptions made through the post office. Taking into account the disadvantages of the post office subscription method, the newspapers subscription network aims at eliminating these disadvantages and thus earning more subscribers, even those who were initially unwilling to subscribe to these publications, given the drawbacks.Despite the higher price, the subscribers adhering to this network generally have the following advantages: – the newspaper is delivered early in the morning, offering the possibility to be read and get in touch with the latest information even before going to work or start the daily activities; – the paper is delivered even on Saturday, inclu ding in the rural areas where the network has collaborators and coverage; – there is also the possibility the payment throughout the first subscription days, especially for the new clients, to give them the possibility to appreciate the way in which the paper is delivered; – the claims and complaints are more promptly analysed and solved by the editor's personnel in charge of this aspect. Creating such subscription networks involves a considerable effort from the editor's side, being necessary to employ new people, both for the contracting part, and for the distribution of subscriptions part for the entire area to be covered. Alongside with these aspects, it is also necessary to have people that would coordinated this activity, that is to distribute newspaper packets in the locations where the subscription distributors come and pick them up and finally deliver them to the clients etc. c) Promotions and protocols A part of the total circulation number is represented by promotions and protocols.The newspaper Gazeta de Sud, but other newspapers, too, financially support this activity and have constantly resorted the so-called promotional subscriptions (subscriptions at reduced prices or even awarded free of charge), whose role is: – to achieve an intensive increase in the number of subscribers in the area where there is a deficit from this point of view; – to regain the lost subscribers; – to reward certain faithful readers; – to slightly raise the audience of the newspaper; There were many situations when a certain number of copies of a newspaper edition were given free of charge, with the purpose to promote the newspaper on the event of special occasions. In the case of protocols, these are represented by the newspapers regularly given, free of charge, to several public institutions or radio or television stations which broadcast shows about related to press reviews.Analysing the data at the end of 2011 the structure of the circulation number is the following: – 45% represent the subscriptions by the Romanian Post; – 25% subscriptions by their own distribution network; – 18% selling the newspaper at the news stands; – 8% selling the newspaper by the newspaper sellers; – 4% protocols and promotions; It can be concluded that 70% of the product buyers are faithful readers of the newspaper and that they regularly buy it by the subscription system, while the retail selling (at the news stands or by the newspaper sellers) provide only 26% of the total circulation number, additionally having the disadvantage to deal with the returned items (newspaper copies left unsold) which represent financial loss for the company. From the data analysed during 2008-2011 ( table no. 1), we note that there is a decrease in the newspaper selling figures with 43%, the most influenced being the subscription selling by its own network, which dropped with 76% and could not be compensated by the growth in the subscription rate by the Romanian post office of 36% as compared to 2008. Table no. 1. The sales evolution during 2008-2011 Year Subscription by Subscription by Retail selling at Retail selling by post network news stands newspaper sellers 2008 97. 436 118. 994 1. 704. 162 200. 000 100. 347 1. 396. 995 175. 800 72. 162 1. 088. 833 94. 681 29. 581 963. 756 83. 04 Source( Internal Report of Organization) Among the factors that contributed to this situation, we mention: – the rise of the subscription price as a consequence of rising the price of the raw material and utilities; „ACADEMICA BRANCUSI† PUBLISHER, ISSN 1844 – 7007 2009 2010 2011 79. 634 91. 429 132. 694 146 Annals of the „Constantin Brancusi† University of Targu Jiu, Economy Series, Issue 3/2012 – the renouncement to certain distribution routes because of their lack of profitability; – the decrease of the population income, which made them unsubscribe the newspaper system. As a result of the data analysis, the greatest part of the population that subscribe to the newspaper are old people (over 55% of the subscribers are retired people) followed by the population of the age group 45-55 years ( approx. 30%).With the purpose of increasing the sale figures and the market quota, the press features may be used accordingly, namely by adopting or allowing for: – measures to keep the current clients faithful to the newspaper, materialised in flawless distribution, attractive price, gifts, prompt complaints solving of clients unsatisfied with the paper distribution by its own distribution system. The company has to take measures to revise the whole distribution system of the subscribed newspaper so that to improve the acquisition efficiency and the number of subscribers, because the recruitment value and number of subscribers are extremely important factors for the survival and profit generation in a business with a subscription sellin g strategy component. The reasons for not subscribing, as mentioned above, may become mostly known by surveys. The activity of attracting new clients is much more costly and given this fact new programmes should be created to keep the current clients. measures to attract new subscribers by setting up a telemarketing service, through which potential clients are contacted by phone and asked if they are willing to subscribe to the newspaper network, offering, together with other companies, promotional materials for the clients who subscribe for a longer period of time; – contacting the lost subscribers in order to establish the causes of their refusal to continue the subscription and to try, where possible, to remedy the complaints; there is also the possibility to offer reduced price subscriptions or even free subscriptions for short time intervals to make the client aware that the complaints were solved; – creating a prize awarding, extremely motivating for the newspape rs sellers and the subscription agencies that obtain very good results in their activity; – giving clients the possibility to subscribe by sending an SMS (the cost for the SMS is the equivalent price for the monthly subscription, and the client is contacted after the SMS in order to obtain all the information necessary for the delivery); ? rganising a retribution system for the post workers with good results in their activity to conclude subscriptions; ? organising a system for the so-called promotional subscriptions destined to certain locations where the paper can be read (open air cafe bars, medical cabinets, notarial offices etc. ) a situation in which the client pays the full subscription price and gets other 2-3 free subscriptions. – entering on a bigger market by a more aggressive advertising campaign; – improving the quality of the newspaper articles and actively involving the readers in the community life, a strategy that would attract a greater number of readers motivated by their involvement in the daily problems of their community.The company position is, also, seriously affected by the presence of a very high number of information sources and news that contribute to the decrease in the content value, but also to the impossibility of protecting the content; – rethinking the offer system for the online readers by paying a monthly subscription in order to have access to the content of the newspaper. The new payment model must be reorganised so that the media companies may sell packages of products that include subscriptions to the print newspaper and to the online version. Thus, the subscribers to the print version may have access also to the online version and to the smart phone /tablet version.This payment structure encourages readers to subscribe to the print edition and subsequently to support the maintenance of the circulation number. Furthermore, the attention of the clients is drawn, from the idea of restriction, to the idea of full access to the information, by any means. The strategies adopted by the press trusts for overcoming the crisis must be correlated with the resource strategies, especially since the costs for the workforce in this activity domain represent an important part of the final product cost. Given this fact, we consider that the analysis of the company's activity has to be drawn up in direct correlation with the human resource strategy for the selling component.We claim that the personnel restructuring and the dissolution of the distribution networks are supposed to be the last resort strategy, used only after all the other strategies have been analysed and eliminated, because, once the distribution network is lost, it can hardly be re-established due to higher costs. Recruitment and selection of the selling workforce in the domain are characteristics determined by the specific activity. When analysing the activity, one have to take into account a series of aspects, namely: a). the number of the current publications in the region; b). the recruitment and selection of the selling workforce, which is difficult since the revenues obtained from selling the newspaper is low; c). the geographical area where the publication is.With the purpose of winning the market, a series of major investments must be applied and, as opposed to other activity domains, we claim that the most important investment must be made in the human resources. It should not be neglected that a newspaper sells information. Some of the arguments in favour of the opinion that the human resource is the most important component are related to the quality of the newspaper articles, to the research methods „ACADEMICA BRANCUSI† PUBLISHER, ISSN 1844 – 7007 147 Annals of the „Constantin Brancusi† University of Targu Jiu, Economy Series, Issue 3/2012 and subject approach and to the manner in which the readers are captivated by the headlines.Another challenge is adjus ting to the new needs and reading behaviour of diverse segments of readers, but many did not understand this aspect, despite the market data reports about the focus groups present in each trust. Overcoming the crisis does not presupposes only restricting the activity. On the contrary, as we mentioned before, it involves the quality improvement of the product. Another strategy that should be adopted by the local publications could be the identification of new distribution channels and the improvement of advertising offers to atract important clients in need of advertising. We should not forget that the important local advertising clients were the real estate investors, the banks and the auto dealers.Once the crisis was installed, most of the private and public companies have reduced their advertising budgets. Many of these companies limited their activity or even disappeared from the market, others oriented towards different mass media channels: television or radio. Another option to increase sales is to withdraw from the advertising companies in which many newspapers sell their available inventory. These companies get big commissions, and sometimes the publisher gets 5-10% of the advertising list price. The dependence to third parties for advertising selling visibly affects the newspapers performance. Those who already have their own selling teams debate on the opportunity to use the same people both for selling print and online.There are opinions supporting these convergent views, but there are also those who consider that a separate team for online selling would be more efficient. They claim that it is very hard for a sales manager to motivate and train a team that is supposed to have different selling techniques and completely different financial expectations. Likewise, in order to be complete and functional, the selling strategy presupposes the elaboration of an entire set of specific forms: the report forms, the market reports regarding the competing news papers, the press monitoring reports, the buffer stock, the monitoring report for the selling agents routes, reports regarding the number of new activity routes or new clients etc.The marketing and selling strategy of the organisation implies finding solutions to attract clients, not only by offering appealing discounts, but also by providing better articles with a more interesting content, or, in the case of the press trusts that have the opportunity of using several media channels, by offering common packages for clients. For example, those publications that do not abandon their online version of the newspaper have to find new ways to attract advertising clients for its both versions, the print and the online, eventually using these common packages. First of all, a coherent marketing approach should be based on a clear definition of the market and the audience.When all the departments of a company work together to meet the needs and the interests of the consumer, the result may be a successful one. It implies that the action should unfold on two levels: firstly, it refers to the functional components of the marketing system – the selling workforce, the advertising, the relationship with the clients, the product management, the marketing research that need to work together. Secondly, marketing should be supported, understood and accepted by all the other departments. To support the team work in a inter-department team, the organisation has to apply internal and external marketing. The external marketing is directed to the audience outside the organisation.The internal one, refers to employing, training and motivating certain capable and talented employees, which will serve the interests and the needs of the clients. The internal marketing precedes the external marketing. For an organisation, there is no point in promising excellent services before being capable to actually offer them. A selling team that is not supported by the strategic marketing cann ot successfully accomplish the selling objectives. It is very difficult to build a selling team in print media and it is more difficult to motivate it. The company existence is dependent on the way in which the selling team interacts with the clients. The strategies for keeping the products on the market should be tailored to meet the new, continuously changing expectations of the consumers.The content quality and the reputation of the publication based on the professionalism of the journalists will be the basis for the future strategies in the media businesses. 3. Conclusions Should the press trusts want to develop future strategies, they have to to be aware of the globalisation effect, of the economic changes and the new technologies and their impact on the entire media industry. It is unnatural to offer common solutions for all consumers, especially under the circumstances brought by the explosion of the Internet. There is the need for separate offers, in accordance with the publ ic segments: traditionalist users, new media users etc.This segmentation is not easy to realise and all the needs that the publication has to meet should be clearly, honestly and precisely defined. Defining and targeting a clear value for the readers and the advertising clients will help the publication have better chances to resist on the market. At the moment, thousands of papers throughout the world are caught in a fight with the Internet. Nobody knows what will happen, which of them will win the fight, or how the survivors will look like after the final round. On one hand, the new technology has led to an audience increase, and on the other hand the selling figures of the print newspapers have significantly dropped.Thus, the most aggressive competitor of the traditional selling networks in the print press is the Internet. Despite the fact that the costs for the online version of the newspaper are lower compared to the print version, the editors still don't know or don't understa nd the online phenomenon and for this new competitor they have to find solutions to reinvent themselves. „ACADEMICA BRANCUSI† PUBLISHER, ISSN 1844 – 7007 148 Annals of the „Constantin Brancusi† University of Targu Jiu, Economy Series, Issue 3/2012 In print press, the business model was almost identical regardless of the advertising type: creating and distributing informational content and attaching advertising to that content.The expenses generated by the printing, distribution and salaries were covered from the newspaper selling (30%) and advertising (70%) [13]. There has never been a profound relationship between the advertising and the articles. The advertising clients had no choice in the matter, lacking alternatives for the promotion of their products or services. Their only requirement regarded the number of sold newspapers and the targeted audience. Under the current circumstances, the Internet development furthers more and more the content of t he information and advertising. Practically speaking, we ask ourselves: Which are the reasons for selling a newspaper, given that all the information may be found on the Internet? and What determines the clients to allocate budgets for the print press?As long as there are readers who want to read the newspaper in its print form, no matter what the fluctuations are, there will a market for this product and therefore the press trusts will have to find the best methods to survive. The greater the challenges for the companies management, the more difficult it is to anticipate the future of the press, no matter how many surveys will be carried out. Nowadays, under the given circumstances, the selling teams have the task to find the best solutions to attract advertising clients on one hand, and to find solutions for keeping the distribution channels for the newspaper, on the other hand. 4. Bibliography [1] Bertrand, C,J- O introducere in presa scrisa si vorbita, Ed. Polirom, Iasi, 2001 [2 ] Coman, M, Introducere in sistemul mass media , Ed.Polirom, Iasi 2007 [3] Kotler, Philip, Managementul marketingului (traducere), Editura Teora, Bucuresti, 2000. [4] Stefanescu, Paul, Bazele marketingului, Editura Didactica si Pedagogica, Bucuresti, 1994. [5] *** www. activewatch. ro -Raport Free Ex 2011 pg. 7 [6] *** www. ancom. org. ro [7] *** www. business24. ro-Piata media iese din criza. In 2012 va inregistra primele cresteri dupa 3 ani de foc [8] *** www. brat. ro [9] *** www. hotnews. ro-media publicitate [10] *** www. journalism. org [11] *** www. mediaddict. ro [12] *** http//stateofthemedia. org – The state of the new Media 2012 [13] *** www. studiu-deloitte. ro-tendintele-media-2010 „ACADEMICA BRANCUSI† PUBLISHER, ISSN 1844 – 7007 149